How To Make A Hypothesis For A Chemistry Set Science Kit Experiment

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So you have a beautiful brand new science kit, such as a chemistry set, and you want to set up a truly scientific experiment, something really professional, something tightly organized and keenly observed. Sounds like a great idea so far! So where do you begin?

The first step, perhaps the most important step, is a well-thought-out hypothesis. This article provides instructions for how to make a great hypothesis.

A hypothesis is just a question and what you think the answer is. Its been called an educated guess. To write a good one, keep two principles in mind: your hypothesis should be precise and it should be simple. Its usually written as an Ifthen statement.

Contrary to what you may believe, most science kit experiments are carried out with a pretty good idea of what will happen. The goal of the experiment is to confirm that idea. And the name of that idea is the hypothesis.

So, if you look at your chemistry set or science kit sitting there with its brand-new bottles and think to yourself, Ill bet if I combine the ammonium nitrate with the water it will get colder, thats what happens in those cold packs, well, youve got a basic hypothesis right there!

If you further start thinking and wondering, I wonder what would happen if I added a whole bunch of ammonium nitrate to water. Would it get colder faster? Would it drop to an even lower temperature? How do they measure the right amounts to put in those cold pack things? then you are really thinking like a scientist!

You can expand your hypothesis to read something like the following, This experiment will measure temperature effects across time from varying amounts of ammonium nitrate dissolved in water. Hypothesis: If a greater amount of ammonium nitrate is added to water, the temperature of the solution will drop faster, and the greater the amount of ammonium nitrate added to water, the lower the end temperature will be before stabilizing.

You will notice that the hypothesis is very precise, it states exactly and with no fuzziness just what the experimenter will be measuring and what he expects the results to be. A poor hypothesis would be the following, Hypothesis: Adding ammonium nitrate will make the water colder. It is not at all precise. Colder than what? Its not simply water after you add ammonium nitrate is it? Its a solution. What do you mean by colder? How are you measuring this? The above hypothesis answers all these questions with exactness.

You will also notice that the original hypothesis is very simple. It uses as few words as possible. A poor hypothesis would be the following, When I add greater amounts of ammonium nitrate from the chemistry set to the water to make a solution like in a cold-pack from the store, then measure the temperature as described, I expect to see the numbers go down quicker than they would with a small amount of ammonium nitrate. I also think there will be a point that the temperature stops dropping and levels off, but I think that point will be lower for larger amounts of ammonium nitrate. The original hypothesis keeps things very simple.

A good hypothesis guides your experiment. Every observation is taken with an eye to disproving that hypothesis. Yes, you heard right DISproving the hypothesis. A good scientist knows that the best way to prove the hypothesis is right is by trying to prove it is wrong.

A good scientist is very, very careful and critical at each stage of the experiment, recording exactly what happens and noticing every detail that could potentially be impacting the results and disproving the hypothesis. A good scientist carefully repeats trials and reanalyzes data looking vigilantly for flaws. A good scientist uses all of the materials available in the science kit to test the hypothesis. In the end, if the results still match his hypothesis, then and only then can he begin to say it might be true. A good scientist still wants to see that this success is repeatable, so he may run the whole experiment again at another date, or ask a fellow scientist to do so.

If the results do not support the hypothesis, then the scientist has really learned something! Is it time to get a new chemistry set because this one doesnt give you the results you were looking for? No, that is not the right conclusion. This is where the most interesting part of science comes in, follow-up investigative experiments. The hypothesis is just your best guess, so you dont really know whether or not it is true. This is where a science kit begins to have all the thrill of a detective novel as you the scientist carefully watch for clues, racks your brain for alternative explanations and likely culprits, or devise plans to follow up a hunch. In which case, you get to write another hypothesis!

Factors To Consider When Hiring Science Paper Editing

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Editing is a significant part of the writing process. This is the stage when the manuscript is checked for errors. It is better if the person who writes the manuscript is different from the one who edits it. This way, the document can be improved from a different perspective. Important documents, especially those that will be published, should be thoroughly checked. Before you submit your research to a journal, make sure that it undergoes science paper editing.

Research companies and scientists around the world are hiring editing companies that provide science paper editing to be certain that the manuscripts are ready for publication. Although publishers say that edited manuscripts do not guarantee acceptance, a well-edited research paper is more appealing to reviewers compared with unedited ones. It is best to look for a good science editing firm that will help improve both the language and content of the manuscript.

Below are the factors that you should consider when looking for a Science paper editing firm.

Look for an online editing company that offers scientific, medical and academic editing. Firms that provide this service employ editors who have solid backgrounds in the fields of Science, Medicine and Technology.
Native English speakers make good editors. Although some ESL speakers are proficient in English, a native English speaker can easily identify mistakes and make appropriate corrections to the document.
Opt for experienced science editors. Unlike regular editors, science editors are familiar with the requirements and standards that your manuscript should meet. In addition, experienced editors are trained and qualified in editing scientific documents.
Hire the services of an established online editing company. There are many companies and individuals that offer science paper editing. However, not all of these providers are legitimate and reliable. Choose firms that show the testimonials of previous clients.
Make sure that the document you submit for editing is confidential and secure. Plagiarism is rampant online so the security of your manuscript is very important. Online companies that offer science paper editing should give you a secure webpage where you can upload and download your documents. The information in the manuscript should not be shared with third parties.

Science paper editing has many advantages, especially for first-time authors and ESL speakers. Choose a suitable provider that will help you improve the overall quality of your research paper. Inquire about the services offered by OnLine English, the pioneer in scientific and academic editing online.

Ergonomic Science Of Work Physiology & Work Demands

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Work physiology is the science that studies how the human body responds to the physical stress of work or activity demands. These physiological responses are important in maintaining homeostasis in the body during work activities and reducing the adverse effects of physiological fatigue due to work. Homeostasis is defined as the maintenance of a constant or changing environment. In practical terms, it refers to the relatively constant internal environment of the human body during both stressed and relaxed conditions, due to many regulating anatomical and physiological systems. These organ systems and physiological responses regulate cellular metabolism, energy production, cellular waste product removal, voluntary muscle control, and the flow of blood and oxygen to working muscles. An understanding of the role of major organ systems in the human body during work activities and the relationships between work intensity and recovery intervals is essential to the science of ergonomics.

Metabolism
To accomplish work, the body requires energy, oxygen and nutrients. The human body consumes and uses carbohydrate, fat and protein nutrients to provide the required energy to maintain homeostasis both at rest and during work activity. During work, the primary nutrients utilized are fats and carbohydrates, with proteins contributing less than 5-15% of the total energy used. These nutrients, after having been converted to chemicals, enter the blood stream and circulate to the various internal organs and muscles. At the muscle sites, this chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy, or a muscle contraction, and heat. This process is known as metabolism.

Working muscle requires a constant supply of energy. The fundamental source of energy for these contractions is the high-energy Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) molecule. The ATP molecule is the most important energy carrying molecule in the muscle cell. The ATP compound consists of three parts: adenosine molecule, a ribose molecule and three phosphate molecules linked together by chemical bonds. The bonds linking the phosphate molecules are high-energy bonds and when these bonds are broken, large amounts of energy are released. This energy is then used for muscle contractions. The energy can be liberated from the ATP molecule by a process known as phosphorylation. This metabolic process is shown below. Phosphorylation is the process in which the Adenosine Triphosphate molecule is broken down by the enzyme ATPase into Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP), a phosphate molecule (Pi) and energy.
Aerobic Metabolism
The Adenosine Triphosphate needed for muscle work can be produced from either aerobic (with oxygen) metabolism or from anaerobic (without oxygen) metabolism. The aerobic metabolism of nutrients refers to the oxidation of glucose or glycogen molecules and fatty acids to form ATP, this process is called aerobic glycolysis. This metabolic pathway requires a continuous supply of blood in order to provide ongoing oxygen and nutrients.

A cardiovascular response to increased workload is to increase the amount of blood flowing to active muscle. However, it can take almost one minute for this response to be activated. Therefore, at the onset of most industrial tasks, or in cases of quick-high intensity tasks, it is not always possible to have adequate blood flow available to working muscles. When this occurs, the muscles switch to anaerobic metabolism.

Anaerobic Metabolism
The muscle cells can produce Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) or energy, without oxygen (anaerobic metabolism) by two methods: the first method is to break high-energy phosphate bonds in Creatine Phosphate (CP) molecules. The second method is by a process known as anaerobic glycolysis. Under anaerobic conditions, the simplest and thus immediate source of energy is through the use or production of the Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) molecule by breaking high-energy phosphate bonds in the Creatine Phosphate (CP) molecule. The CP molecule donates a phosphate(P) to an ADP molecule to create an ATP molecule and energy. Creatine Kinase is the enzyme that initiates this reaction in the muscle

The second anaerobic metabolic process for energy synthesis is called anaerobic glycolysis. This process also generates a limited amount of energy, but does so by breaking the chemical bonds in the breakdown of glucose to lactic acid. Anaerobic glycolysis can only produce enough ATP or usable energy for a few minutes. In this method, however, the supply of CP is quickly depleted in under 1 minute. Anaerobic glycolysis provides energy for up to four minute. Only the aerobic glycolysis process can provide a sustained supply of energy to working muscles. With both anaerobic processes, work can only be sustained for short periods because is a limited supply of available ATP and CP molecules in the muscle cells

Muscle Fatigue
When skeletal muscle is continually stimulated, the force or tension that is developed by the muscle fibers diminishes. This failure of muscle fiber to maintain tension as a result of contractile activity is known as muscle fatigue. The onset of fatigue depends on both the type of skeletal muscle fibers as well as the intensity and duration of the muscle contractions. The red muscle fibers, or the -slow twitch- fibers appear to have better blood flow and therefore oxygen supply to maintain aerobic metabolism. In the slow twitch muscle fibers, fatigue develops more slowly. These muscles fibers are used mostly during long duration, low intensity activities. The white muscle fibers, also called -fast twitch- fibers, appear to rely more upon anaerobic metabolism. These fibers fatigue more rapidly, and are used more for short duration, high intensity activities. The development of muscle fatigue corresponds to four events that occur in working muscles:

1.)The depletion of the concentration of ATP. The rate of ATP utilization exceeds the rate of production. The muscle cannot contract without ATP.
2.)Increased amounts of intracellular acidity due to the rise in lactic acid levels. This increased hydrogen ion concentration affects the contractile proteins of the muscle fibers, decreasing the force generated by the muscle fibers.
3.)The depletion of muscle glycogen levels. As the amount of available glycogen diminishes, the muscle can no longer sustain a contraction.
4.)Levels of other metabolic waste products, including Carbon Dioxide, increase within muscle cells. If levels of acid and carbon dioxide waste products build up, this will slow aerobic metabolism, resulting in less efficient metabolism.

If muscle fatigue sets in and the muscle is no longer able to sustain work efficiently, the muscle becomes overloaded resulting in micro trauma to the muscle fibers. If this fatigue and overloading is repetitive or long term in nature the resulting microtrauma becomes cumulative and pathology or injury occurs. Local muscle fatigue is suspect to contribute to work-related Cumulative Trauma Disorders. In order to avoid the adverse effects of muscle fatigue, a sufficient supply or flow of blood to the working muscles is critical.

Since aerobic metabolism generates almost 20 times as much ATP for energy as does anaerobic energy, the effects of muscle fatigue can be minimized by ensuring work load intensity is low enough so that adequate oxygenation, or blood flow to the active working muscles is achieved. If heavy workloads are required, they should be brief in duration, lasting less than a few seconds or minutes, which reduces the effects of prolonged anaerobic metabolism, and maximizes metabolic efficiency.

Summary
The most important factor in ergonomic job design or modification is to promote aerobic metabolism and adequate blood flow, resulting in a high metabolic efficiency. This will maintain adequate blood flow to working muscles, prevent fatigue and allow maximal performance. Dynamic muscle contractions are always preferred over static muscle loading situations. Work-rest cycles should provide sufficient recovery times to sufficiently perfuse active muscles with blood. Jobs should be designed or modified to minimize or reduce the requirements for static contractions, such as static grips, extended reaches and extreme postures.

How Do I Write A Hypothesis For A Science Fair Project

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One of the most important components of a science fair project is the hypothesis. The hypothesis is the foundation of the experiment and the reason for completing the project. If this is your first year working on a science fair project then these steps will help you to turn your project idea into a hypothesis.

Step #1 Come Up With a Topic or Project Idea

Before you can create a hypothesis you need to select a topic for your project. The topic will be a general subject area that you are interested in. For example, you can select computers, robotics, electricity, physics or other broad topics.

Step #2 Conduct Research and Narrow Your Topic

You cannot build a project if all you have is a broad topic. You need to narrow down the topic to a very specific concept, issue or problem. The best way to do this is to conduct background research on your broad topic. This research will help you to find interesting subtopics that are related to your broad topic.

Step #3 Ask a Question About Your Subtopic

The next step is to ask questions about your subtopic that you would like to answer. The questions can relate to anything from how a reaction occurs, what influences the results or how something can be improved. Write down your questions in a list and select the one question that you are most interested in.

Step #4 Make a Prediction

Step four is to make a prediction about the answer to your question. For example, if your question is how can solar energy be produced to meet the power needs of my community? then your prediction may be that the different circuit designs produce different outputs of power from the same inputs of solar energy.

Step #5 Make Sure Your Hypothesis Is Testable

The final step is to make sure your hypothesis is testable, otherwise it is not going to do you much good. To be testable, at least by you, it will need to have an independent variable that can be manipulated and a dependent variable that can be measured.

For example, in the above hypothesis the independent variable is the type of circuit design used and the dependent variable is the output of power. The circuit design can be manipulated by changing its set-up from a parallel circuit to a serial circuit. The power output can then be measured in Watts.

Divine Astro – Astro Science, Horoscope, Horoscope For Marriage, Astro Planets

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Divine Astro

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When sun rise darkness goes away and light appears which we can see by our own eyes, because sun is a biggest planet in the cosmos, Mars, Jupiter Saturn etc are small planets as compare to Sun. It does affects the human life but it can be felt can not be seen.

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